The plenary panel for this recent conference I went to was about film adaptation. For those of you who aren’t familiar with it, the plenary was like the panel of keynote speakers — 3 individuals, this year from 3 different fields. One was a literary critic, one was a biologist, and one was a natural philosopher. Being the film buff that I am, and having done a ton of academic work on film adaptation, I was really looking forward to the presentation.
Right. So their big plan was to develop a new theory of adaptation in response to the problem that everyone is still caught up in fidelity discourse. What this means is that people generally judge the success of an adaptation based on its degree of faithfulness to the textual original. This is problematic for a number of reasons — not least of which, it privileges the ‘original’ just by virtue of it coming first; it doesn’t account for differences in media; it doesn’t acknowledge other influences; and it’s a really stupid way of judging a work of art. These are all excellent observations. They are also observations that were being made by academic film critics more than 10 years ago.
As an alternative, the panel was proposing a theory that uses scientific discourse to explain the nature of cultural adaptations. They wanted to make a “homology” (or analogy) between biological adaptation and film adaptation. So rather than looking at the adaptation as a derivative of its original, we should instead trace its genealogy. As in nature, when one feature of a species adapts to its environment, the story being told adapts to another medium or a slightly different retelling in order to talk to a contemporary audience. The success of an adaptation, just as in nature, is thus measured on two things — the longevity of the story and whether it interacts well with its environment (i.e. how widely it is received by the intended audience).
I have a number of issues with this. First, to measure the success of an adaptation by how well it is received reduces the adaptation to a commodity. It is successful if lots of people buy it, pay to watch it, buy the memorabilia, etc. This is not my own take on it — the speakers were actually saying these things. Now, it may be the case that culture has been almost completely commodified anyway, but this is a problem and I can’t believe that they would talk so plainly about it without acknowledging it as a problem.
Second, to measure the success of adaptations based on how long a story persists completely ignores the power structures that are at work in culture. Whether or not something is widely read or watched in schools and in the public depends a great deal on what those in power would like us to read or watch. Would we still study Shakespeare so diligently if a few dead white academics hadn’t decided it would be so?
Third, part of what they wanted to do was get out of the temporality of fidelity discourse, i.e. evaluating adaptations based on their sequence. But developing a history of the retellings of a particular story still does just that. It still becomes a myth of origins.
Fourth, by talking about stories in the way they are, they are essentially saying what the French Structuralists said 50 years ago: There are only so many stories, with a wide range of shifting details based on cultural moments, etc. It was like having Levi-Strauss’ “The Structural Study of Myth” read back to me in a different context. The panel even suggested that it would be interesting to chart the history of a story, i.e. to map out all the variations of the Romeo and Juliet story and all of its influences. Didn’t someone do that already? Isn’t that what structuralism was all about? And didn’t it not work? Remember when Barthes tried to map out all the textual and cultural influences that went into each phrase of Balzac’s “Sarrasine” in S/Z? It all fell apart. That’s why S/Z is so interesting, because he shows us the whole system unravelling and thus opens the door for a different way of thinking about stories.
And I have saved my biggest question for last. Does anyone care? Adaptation is not a really hot topic right now. Not to mention, I don’t think that we even have a problem with fidelity discourse. Critics have been taking that apart and proposing new approaches for like 10 years. Very little of the recent stuff I’ve read on adaptation falls into that trap anymore. It’s like they’re a decade late. And even if they’d been on time, the theory is so flawed anyway that it doesn’t really matter.
My last comment is not so much a question I had about the material, but a problem I had with the speakers themselves. Or one particular speaker — the literary critic. The delivery of the presentation was fantastic, it was clear, exciting, well-paced, and with multi-media. But the Q&A period was abysmal. There were many questions and comments after the presentation, and several challenges put forth to the theory, some of them similar to my own issues. But the one speaker monopolized the floor and responded to almost all of the questions. Or rather, didn’t respond. She was so arrogant and dismissive that she refused to answer to many of the challenges, refused to respond to some questions, and even told a few people that they were flat out wrong and didn’t even add as to why. One girl asked a very astute question and, rather than answering, she turned to the panel organizer and said “I think you can just move on to the next one”! It was a very good reminder that we should always be humble and never get too smart. There’s always more to learn and if you can’t accept the advice or perspective of others then you risk losing your way. I can certainly say that, even though this literary critic is the queen bee of Canadian academia, her new book on adaptation is not going to make waves. And when your work stops mattering, people stop reading it.